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Philosophers |
Everything
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Thales |
Everything
is made of water
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Anaximander |
Earth
is a solid, unsupported object hanging in space; shaped like a drum
First
map maker
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Heraclitus |
Unity
of opposites
Everything
is FLUX
Change
is the law of life
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Pythagoras |
Created
the words "theory," "philosophy," and
"cosmos"
First
to use math to explain the whole earth
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Xenophanes |
Humans
views of things are human creations
There
is no certain truth
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Parmenides |
All
is ONE
Everything
has always existed
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Empedocles |
The
FOUR Elements
- Earth, Water, Air, Fire |
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"The
Atomists"
- Leucippus and Democritus |
Fundamental
idea that everything is made of atoms (too small to be seen)
Change
is universe = change in atoms
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Anaxagoras |
Introduced
philosophy to Athens
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Protagoras |
"Man
is the measure of all things"
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*Socrates* |
The
masterly interrogator
Declared
wisest of men by oracle
Question
everything
Pity
of the perpetrator, not the victim [harm to the immortal soul]
No
one really knowingly does wrong
The
pursuit of knowledge = aspiration to virtue
Priority
of personal integrity above all
"Socratic
Method" or "Dialectic Method" = teacher understands pupil's difficulties and prompts him in
the right direction
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*Plato* |
Wrote
dialogues to: reassert the teachings of Socrates and rehabilitate
Socrates's reputation
Real
Socrates ends and where Plato begins??
How
we should live our lives
Virtue
= knowing what is right
Believes
in the immortal soul
Wrote:
Republic
– nature of justice
Symposium
– investigation into the nature of love
Apology
– Socrates own defense – justification for his life First
to establish an "academy"
Forms
or Ideas
World
is a decaying copy of the ideal world
Ideal
world beyond time and space
Souls
are our permanent Forms
Hostility towards the arts Humans
are made of : passion, intellect, and will
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Plotinus |
What
exists is mental
For
something to be created is for it to be thought
Levels:
soul [humans] – lowest
intellect [ideal form]
good - highest |
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Aristotle |
Mapped
out sciences and formulated logic
There
is only one world we can philosophize
Dismissive
of Plato's Ideal Forms and does not believe in them
Made
logic, physics, pol. science, economics, psychology, metaphysics,
meteorology, rhetorics, ethics... energy, hynamic, induction, topic,
etc.
Systemized
logic
What
is being?
The
four causes
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material,
efficient, form, final Saving
the appearances
The
golden mean – midway point between two extremes; balanced personality
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Dante |
The
teachers of those who know [with Aristotle]
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Cynics |
Dropouts
of the ancient world
First
– Antisthenes; lived a conventional life them embraces a simple life
Second
– Diogenes; lived like a dog Cynic
- greek for dog
Vitizen
of the world = cosmopolitan
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Sceptics |
Active
refusal to believe anything
First
– Pyrrho
Stop
worrying and go with the flow
No
ultimate certainty
Every
proof rests on unproven premises
Hume
– to live at all we have perpetually to make choices , decisions, and
make judgements
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Epicureans |
Earliest scientist and liberal
humanists
Liberate people from fear
Non-existence is our own inescapable
destiny; make the best life
Aim in life = be happy and live well
Equality to everyone [including
women and slaves]
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Stoics
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Governing
philosophy of the Roman empire
Was
spread internationally by Alexander the Great and Marcus Aurelius (as
their prefered philosophy)
Founded
by Zeno of Citium, in Cyprus (not confused with Zeno of Elea)
Reason
is the highest power
Emotions
are cognitive and forms of "knowledge", whether true or false.
Remain
outwardly unaffected by pain or pleasure (high portion of well-known
Stoics ended their lives by suicide.)
Influenced Christian and Roman thinking
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