VIDEO SUMMARY

Stephen Hawking's Universe

Stephen Hawking's Universe

# 1 Seeing is Believing

1. King's College 1348/ Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
2. Jastro:
   • Speaking about Hubbel's work
   • 75 years ago, Edwin Hubble changes the thinking of the universe
   • Many stars had planets.
3. Ancient Greeks- Eratosthenese
   • designed an experiment to test the "flat earth" theory.
   • calculated circumference of earth at 25,000 miles. About 100 miles off
   • Planets: Planetes means "wanderers".
4. Ptolemy 1500 years/ consistent with Church view. Ptolemy went unchallenged for a thousand years, had support of the authorities.
   • Geocentric Universe
5. 16th century:
   • Copernicus: (died 1543): Heliocentric Universe
   • Kepler: Elliptical Orbits
   • Galileo: Villa Il Gioello. Copernicus tore apart Ptolemy's argument in the 16th century. Church called it heresy, but Kepler destroyed Ptolemy further with theory of elliptical orbits Vatican finally took action when Galileo published his work. Galileo realized that earth was moving, and we move along with it.  Destroyed "perfect sphere" theory with observations of the moon. Discovered moons around Jupiter, again destroyed the Church's model.

4.    Telescope (from Holland)

• Newton:
  1. 1-2 years of self-teaching in math
  2. Invented new telescope. Newton began creating new mathematics in eighteen months. Began to think of forces at work in the universe, especially the force of "universal gravity". Applied Kepler's model and Galileo's theories with his own to create the ultimate model.
5. Earl of Ross: Leviathan of ______ Earl of Ross built the largest telescope in 1850 (up until this century)

• Ireland
• Francisco Diego- Replica of Early telescope

Stephen Hawking’s Universe

# 2 The Big Bang

1. Fraunhofer & ~~~> The Expanding Universe. Doppler Shift. Joseph von Fraunhofer - discovered spectro-photometry. Filled in the gaps in the color spectrum that define the chemical structure of the universe. Gave new insight into "gaseous clouds" later found to be new galaxies. It was found that the sun had the same gasses as other stars.
2. Run Backwards ~~~> Big Bang
3. Mt. Wilson Observatory
4. Einstein- Dynamic Universe? Cosmological constant!
5. George LeMaitre- Pontifical Academy
6. Nearest galaxy (Andromeda): 1 million light years.
7. 1931 meeting between

                   Le Maitre ----\

                   Einstein ---- > THE BIG BANG IDEAS

      Hubble ----/

8. Theory and Observation ~~> Science.
9. Fred Hoyle- Steady State Theory in 1948.
10. Dennis Sciama - Hawking's Ph.D. advisor (Lives in Venice!)Roger Penrose's - Asymmetrical star formation. Collapse into Black hole
11. Fusion creates stars (and vice versa) Big bang has to be singular- Hawking Thesis
12. Wilson/ Penzius - (1965)
13. Hawking's PhD- Substantial, Original Contributed to Knowledge (SOCK) in 3 years.
14. George Smoot-COBE- detected variation in CMBR- Balloons, U-2, Satellites, Planck Surveyor.

1. Einstein’s General Theory predicted a dynamic universe- either expanding or contracting. Einstein rejected this idea.
2. Geo LeMaitre- promoted the idea of the Big Bang
3. Edwin Hubble- provided evidence based on Doppler Shift that the universe was expanding.
4. “When theory and observation come together, science often takes a great leap forward.” –Hawking
5. 1931 Dinner meeting Einstein/Hubble/Le Maitre
6. The cosmological constant (lamda) –the greatest mistake-
7. Fred Hoyle- Strong proponent of Steady State theory and opposed the “Big Bang Theory”
8. Dennis Sciama (Stephen Hawking’s Ph.D. advisor) also supported the Steady State Universe.
9. Chris Halls- Geologist. The stars as producers of the 92 basic elements. Small stars-super nova produce elements heavier then Fe..
10. Where did hydrogen come from? The Big Bang.
11. Hoyle asked” where is the left over radiation, the signature of the big bang.?”
12. Bob Dickey/ David Wilkinson designed an experiment to measure the residual radiation from the Big Bang. (Directional horn antenna- micro wave guide)
13. Armo Penzius/ Robert Wilson at Bell Laboratories had much larger equipment and got the data first.
14. Ph.D. Substantial, original contribution to knowledge - and in three years!
15. Roger Penrose- large star collapse into a black hole regardless of symmetry (a singularity)
16. Hawking’s Ph D thesis proved that the Big Bang started from a singularity.
17. Why were there no slight irregularities in the heat left over from the Big Bang as there should be?
18. Geo Smoot developed technique for measuring slight difference in temperature. C.O.B.E.
19. Scene from end of Raider of the Lost Ark- The Warehouse.
20. Planck surveyor found even more data
21. Hawking vs. The Pope. (Galileo revisited?)

Stephen Hawking’s Universe

# 3 Cosmic Alchemy

1. Marcello Gleiser- Dartmouth. How could the Universe develop to its present form from the Big Bang?
2. Alchemy- Thomas Daunt. A search for fundamental forces/elements. Chemistry.
3. Mendelev- Glass factory burned down, went to St. Petersburg,  Russia, educated as chemist.
4. Mendelev’s card system for organizing chemical properties (the Periodic Table)
5. Marie Curie- studied U and discovered Ra in pitch blend. (Polonium and Radium)
6. Rutherford and Soddy at McGill University, Canada discovered radioactive decay.
7. The Machine Makers (junk yard equipment). Fred Viel
   1. Linear Accelerate
   2. Cyclotron (Circular Accelerator)
8. Paul Dirac- Lucasean Chair.  Symmetry (particle-antiparticle).   e=mc2
9. Marcello Gleiser (again). Boring-matter looks and acts like anti-matter except for charge
10.  Exciting-matter and antimatter=energy.
11. Cosmic rays- cloud chambers used to detect cosmic rays bombarding the earth.
12. Anti -particles found in cosmic rays in a cloud chamber.
13. Physics as art- After 1 sec – protons. After 300,000 years-atoms. Then clouds and stars! 
14. Non-symmetric Universe.

 Stephen Hawking Universe

# 4 On the Dark Side

1. Is the universe expanding or contracting? Dark Matter.
2. Priya Natarajan. Physics as creative poetry, intuition.
3. Vera Rubin 90% of galaxy is dark matter, a spreading cosmic web.
4. Dark matter: A. Does it exist? B: How much is there.
5. Chris Stubbis.  Looking for Machos by looking for gravitational lenses.
6. Neutrinio detection Yves De Clais. The hunt for the neutrino..
7. Niel Spooner Sheffield University.
8. Does the neutrino have mass? Might it provide the “lost mass”?
9. Carlos Frank- Neutrinos don’t answer the question. Hypothesized  “cold, dark matter.”
10. Niel Spooner. Wimps are detected with a photo multiplier.
11. Sandra Faber mapping the 3-d universe.

Stephen Hawking’s Universe

# 5 Black Holes and Beyond

1. SETI ( Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) Seth Shastach, Alex Phillipenko Radio- Optical Star./ Universal Spectrum.
2. Quasar( Quasi Stellar Radio Sources.)
3. John Wheeler. Black Holes
4. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
5. Dennis Sciama.

            A. Penrose:

            B. Hawking:     1965- Black Hole Singularity

Stephen Hawking’s Universe

#6 An Answer to Everything

1. Is there a theory of everything?
2. God does not play due-Einstein
3. Sidney Coleman-Harvard A. Language is a function of our experiences. B. The physics of the very small (quantum mechanics) is very different.
4. Fay Dawler- University of London  A. Einstein’s search for a unified field theory.(a theory of everything)
5. The machine makes particle accelerator.
6. Alan Guts- M.I.T. Andre Lindsey The Theory of Inflation.  Lee Smalen- the use of a biological interp- nature relation and quontam much are bath hard an statistical properties. Spirals! The universe created it.  What proceeded creation?  Michio Kaku- CCNY- super strong theory
7. Theory of relativity Quantum Theory are mutually exclusive-except if you contemplate shirg theory.
8. Vibrating string- a symphony sounds like Pythagorean.
9. Symmetry at the beginning for the universe broken symen accounts for present universe.
10. We humans may not be smart enough to understand string theory.  The math is too difficult.
11. Edword Witten
12. Five theories are lilnity cares of a main theory.
13. Different points of view are experienced by the five theories blink men and the elephant.
14. Experimental are needed to verify shing theory.
15. The planet explorer. Dome!